tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-42786458119930345332024-02-09T01:55:00.452+08:00恐龍王國陳信宏http://www.blogger.com/profile/14962810324819518214noreply@blogger.comBlogger5125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4278645811993034533.post-50486625285313548382018-12-21T14:57:00.004+08:002019-01-04T14:36:36.973+08:00恐龍的滅絕<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 36.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 36.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 2.0gd;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 恐龍的滅絕是一個謎,科學家在這個問題上已經迷惑了一個多世紀。我們在全球各地都發現了這些巨大爬行動物的化石遺骸,但這些生物沒有一個活到今天。他們都發生了什麼事?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 傳統的說法是,它們在<span lang="EN-US">6500</span>萬年前神秘地消失了。對此,人們提出了各種解釋,其中最流行的兩個假設是撞擊事件假說和大規模火山爆發假說。第一個說法認為,由於一個或多個小行星撞擊地球引起<span lang="EN-US">“</span>核冬天<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,從而消滅了恐龍。第二個說法認為,劇烈的火山活動導致了其滅絕。兩種說法都注意到了埋藏在沉積物中的高濃度銥(<span lang="EN-US">Ir </span>),其將白堊紀與古近紀(被稱為<span lang="EN-US">K-Pg</span>邊界; 以前被稱為<span lang="EN-US">KT</span>邊界)分開,根據傳統範例,這一時期正是恐龍滅絕的時期。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 這兩個假設都是只顧及了部分證據<span lang="EN-US">,</span>而忽略了另一些。例如,如果其中之一是正確的,並且人和恐龍之間確實有<span lang="EN-US">60</span>多萬年的差距,那麼我們如何解釋刻在岩石上的文字和其他形式的古代藝術呢?這些藝術作品描繪了人類與熟悉恐龍的互動,
如三角龍,劍龍,暴龍和蜥腳類恐龍(有時人類馴服它們並且將其作為坐騎)。此外,在和人類足跡相同的岩石層中發現了恐龍腳印的化石。我們如何在傳統觀點的框架內解釋這一點?為什麼地球上每個有人居住的大陸的古代文化中都有人類與巨型爬行動物的互動記錄?這些生物通常被我們稱為<span lang="EN-US">“</span>龍<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,並已被統稱為神話。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 但是我們必須問自己,世界各地這麼多孤立的文化怎麼能擁有同一個神話呢?這些傳說中是否有一個核心的歷史真理?是不是我們找到的那些埋在泥裡的巨大爬行動物與幾個世紀前我們祖先說的巨型爬行動物有某種關係?我們認為是這樣的。
證據優勢向我們表明,傳統觀點在根本上是有缺陷的。在這個問題上,人類似乎有集體的健忘症,我們有效地構建了一個<span lang="EN-US">“</span>科學的<span lang="EN-US">”</span>範例,把我們封存在黑暗中。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 那麼我們如何解釋恐龍的滅絕呢?和我們解釋其他物種滅絕的方式一樣。科學家認為,僅僅在過去的一個世紀裡,就可能有其他<span lang="EN-US">20000</span>到<span lang="EN-US">200</span>萬物種滅絕了<span lang="EN-US">——</span>氣候變化和人類的繁殖。一般來說,氣候變化對生態系統是非常具有破壞性的,而我們人類傾向於殺死或驅逐所有的主要競爭者。這就是為什麼我們在郊區和城市<span lang="EN-US">,</span>甚至是農村都找不到太多的其他捕食者<span lang="EN-US">——</span>獅子、老虎和熊等<span lang="EN-US">.</span>我們處於食物鏈的頂部 不是沒有原因的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 在好萊塢電影中,比如侏羅紀公園,我們看到像霸王龍和迅猛龍這樣的生物獵捕並且生吞人類。毫無疑問,如果人類和恐龍共存,類似的事情肯定會發生。但是,在大多數情況下,情況恰恰相反。我們
獵捕它們並把其當做食物 。 這也正是我們在許多傳說和多數古老 藝術品中發現的<span lang="EN-US">——</span>人類追捕巨型爬行動物並殺死他們。獅子、老虎和熊的處境不像
恐龍一樣糟糕<span lang="EN-US">,</span>因此,他們仍然存在。這是因為,我們的祖先似乎特別熱衷於<span lang="EN-US">“</span>殺龍<span lang="EN-US">”</span>!<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 那麼,恐龍究竟發生了什麼?顯然,它們逃過了全球氣候變化,卻沒能逃過人類的捕殺有些恐龍可能仍然生存在世界上某個偏遠的地區,那些地方我們尚未統治<span lang="EN-US">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">參考來源<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">https://www.gotquestions.org/T-Chinese/T-Chinese-dinosaur-extinction.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<o:p></o:p>陳信宏http://www.blogger.com/profile/14962810324819518214noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4278645811993034533.post-22696004869245510582018-12-21T14:57:00.003+08:002019-01-04T14:36:53.644+08:00笑話二 (必考題)<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 36.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 36.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 2.0gd;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">某次考試前一日,小明同小強一同溫習<span lang="EN-US">....<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">小明<span lang="EN-US">:"</span>我收到獨家消息,有三條題目是必出的呢<span lang="EN-US">!</span>想不想知。<span lang="EN-US">"<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">小強<span lang="EN-US">:"</span>想呀<span lang="EN-US">!!!</span>快說<span lang="EN-US">!!"<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">小明<span lang="EN-US">:"</span>一條一百元<span lang="EN-US">!"<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">小強<span lang="EN-US">:"</span>一口價<span lang="EN-US">!</span>一條五十元<span lang="EN-US">!"<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">小明<span lang="EN-US">:"</span>好啦<span lang="EN-US">!!</span>誰叫我跟你是朋友<span lang="EN-US">!"</span>於是小強便比了小明一百五<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">十元<span lang="EN-US">...<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">小強<span lang="EN-US">:"</span>還不快說<span lang="EN-US">!"<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">小明<span lang="EN-US">:"</span>就是<span lang="EN-US">....</span>班級、姓名、學號<span lang="EN-US">!"<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">參考來源<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">http://www.angelfire.com/bug/isyao/6.htm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
陳信宏http://www.blogger.com/profile/14962810324819518214noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4278645811993034533.post-33148859003868288462018-12-21T14:57:00.002+08:002019-01-04T14:38:56.184+08:00恐龍的生理特徵<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 36.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 36.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 2.0gd;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 自從<span lang="EN-US">60</span>年代以來,恐龍的體溫調節成為科學家們爭論的主題之一。最初,科學家們對於恐龍的體溫調節能力的看法相當不一致。近年來,恐龍恆溫動物說逐漸成主流理論,牠們被視為活躍的動物,至少具有相當穩定的體溫。目前的爭論多在於牠們的體溫調節機制,以及牠們與鳥類、哺乳類的代謝率相近程度。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 在恐龍研究的早期,古生物學家認為恐龍是類似蜥蜴的冷血動物。他們認為恐龍是群相當緩慢、慵懶的動物,需要外部熱量以調節牠們的體溫,接近現代爬行動物。恐龍冷血動物說成為主流看法,直到<span lang="EN-US">1968</span>年,羅伯特<span lang="EN-US">·</span>巴克公布了一份革命性的研究,提出恐龍溫血動物說。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 目前的證據多指出恐龍可生存在較寒冷的氣候環境,且至少有某些恐龍藉由內部身體機制來調節體溫,例如巨大體型造成的巨溫性。恐龍恆溫動物說的證據包含:在南極洲與澳洲發現恐龍化石,兩地區在當時位於極區內,有長達六個月的永夜、某些恐龍具有隔絕熱量用的羽毛、以及骨頭內具有恆溫動物特有的心血管結構。從骨骼結構顯示,獸腳類與其他恐龍是活躍的動物,若牠們具有恆溫動物的心血管系統,將符合這樣的生活方式;而蜥腳類恐龍則擁有較少的恆溫動物體徵。最有可能的狀況是,某些恐龍是恆溫動物,而其他則不是。恐龍恆溫<span lang="EN-US">/</span>變溫動物說的爭論與新證據仍在持續進行中。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 因為有許多特徵可用來判斷是否為恆血動物,使得恐龍恆溫<span lang="EN-US">/</span>變溫動物說的爭論難以定論。大部分的研究人員將牠們與鳥類、哺乳類相比。小型的鳥類、哺乳類的身體覆蓋者隔絕物,例如:脂肪、皮毛、羽毛,可減緩身體熱量的流失。大型鳥類、哺乳類的身體表面積<span lang="EN-US">/</span>體積比例較低。根據霍爾丹法則(<span lang="EN-US">Haldane's principle</span>),與身體體積相比,大型動物反而擁有較小比例的表面積,牠們釋放的熱量溫度較高,而吸收的熱量溫度較低。在某種程度體型以上,身體所散發的熱量,低於身體所製造的熱量,這將使得動物採用其他方式來散發熱量。以大象為例,牠們皮膚缺乏毛髮,但有大型耳朵,可增加身體表面積,或者將身體浸泡在水或泥濘中來降低體溫。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 大型恐龍被認為具有相同的狀況,牠們的巨大體型使熱量散失較慢,體溫高於所處環境,造成巨溫性。但這仍無法解釋眾多的小型恐龍、或幼年個體的體溫調節機能。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 在<span lang="EN-US">2000</span>年,一個對於奇異龍標本的電腦斷層掃描,發現了可能是四腔室心臟的結構,類似現代鳥類與哺乳類。這個研究在科學界中引起爭議,有其他生理結構<span lang="EN-US">[</span>、或其他物體等反對意見。恐龍的近親,現代鱷魚與鳥類都擁有四腔室心臟(鱷魚的心臟較不一樣),所以恐龍可能也有類似的心臟結構;但心臟結構與代謝率沒有必然的關係。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">參考來源<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%81%90%E9%BE%99<o:p></o:p></span></div>
陳信宏http://www.blogger.com/profile/14962810324819518214noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4278645811993034533.post-88019627644449526132018-12-21T14:57:00.001+08:002019-01-04T14:39:44.290+08:00笑話一 (唇印)<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 36.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 36.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 2.0gd;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">一家中學校長面臨著一個問題,校內年長的女學生開始擦口紅。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">當她們在洗手間裡擦口紅時,她們會將嘴唇印在鏡子上留下唇印。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">在這個問題變的不可收拾之前,他想到一個方法阻止。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">於是他召集所有擦口紅的女學生並要她們下午<span lang="EN-US">2</span>點時在洗手間集合。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">當女孩們在<span lang="EN-US">2</span>點到洗手間時發現校長及舍監已在那等候。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">校長對她們解釋這個問題讓舍監每天晚上都得清理洗手間的鏡子。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">他認為女孩們並不了解問題的嚴重性所以他要她們自己目睹鏡子有多難清理。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">接著舍監便開始示範。舍監由盒內裡拿出了一把長柄刷子,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">拿到最近的馬桶裡沾水後,接著走到鏡子前面開始刷洗鏡子。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">那天以後再也沒人把唇印留在鏡子上。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">參考來源<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">http://www.angelfire.com/bug/isyao/6.htm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
陳信宏http://www.blogger.com/profile/14962810324819518214noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4278645811993034533.post-77231438531258859402018-12-21T14:57:00.000+08:002019-01-04T14:42:50.647+08:00恐龍的分類<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 36.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 36.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 2.0gd;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 1872年H<span lang="EN-US">.</span>W<span lang="EN-US">.</span>西利根據恐龍『腰帶結構』的差異,將恐龍分為兩個目:「蜥臀目」和「鳥臀目」,前者具類似蜥蜴的三角狀腰帶,後者有與鳥差不多的四射狀腰帶。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">壹<span lang="EN-US">.</span>蜥臀目:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 蜥臀目的原始類型為後足行走,而進步代表又有四足行走者。根據「肢骨結構」,結合「生活方式」,蜥臀目又分為兩個亞目:獸腳亞目和蜥腳形亞目。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">1<span lang="EN-US">.</span>獸腳亞目:分為三個次目。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">(1)</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">虛骨龍次目:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 具輕盈靈活的軀體,早期虛骨龍很可能是食肉類型<span lang="EN-US">, </span>後期代表成雜食性,有的則是以蛋為其主食(像無牙的似鳥龍)虛骨龍次目包括了三疊紀中晚期的「包斗龍」、侏羅紀的「西格龍」、晚三疊紀至白堊紀的「虛骨龍」和白堊紀的「似鳥龍」等科。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">(2)</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">肉食龍次目:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 幾乎全是龐大的雙足行走食肉型的動物。頭骨高大而適應捕食,因多肌肉固著,固其表面粗糙不平。肉食龍次目包含了「玻玻龍」、「巨齒龍」、「棘龍」和「霸王龍」等科。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">(3)</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">恐爪龍次目:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 小到中等的獸腳類恐龍,頭部不大,牙齒強烈後彎,軀體結構輕巧。本次目僅一科:「馳龍」科,生存時代是白堊紀。除亞洲外,北美也有發現。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">2<span lang="EN-US">.</span>蜥腳形亞目:本亞目又分為兩個超科。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">(1)</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">古腳龍超科:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 雙足行走,雜食性。該超科為演化不成功的一支恐龍,一直保存一些原始祖先類型特點,故很快在早侏羅紀末就絕滅了。中國的『祿豐龍』就是本超科典型代表。共有兩科:「槽齒龍」科和「板龍」科。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">(2)</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">蜥腳龍超科:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 龐大的四足行走的恐龍。頭極小,頸尾皆長,四肢粗壯。根據『牙齒構造』,分為兩個科群:牙齒棒狀,前部尾椎為前凹形者稱「棒齒蜥龍科群」;牙齒勺狀,前部尾椎為雙平形者稱「勺狀蜥龍科群」。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">貳<span lang="EN-US">.</span>鳥臀目:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 鳥臀目共有五個亞目:鳥腳亞目、劍龍亞目、甲龍亞目、角龍亞目和腫頭龍亞目<span lang="EN-US">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">(1)鳥腳亞目:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 全是雙足行走的恐龍。鳥腳類從中三疊紀至晚白堊紀皆有代表屬種。最早的代表是中晚三疊紀的「畸齒龍」科,皮薩龍科的屬種。侏羅紀、白堊紀有「稜尺龍」科「禽龍」科和「鸚鵡嘴龍」科,最進步的為晚白堊紀的「鴨嘴龍」科。 <span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">(2)劍龍亞目:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 有各式甲板的恐龍,植物食性,前肢短於後肢的4足行走動物。劍龍類最早期屬種生存在晚三疊紀或早侏羅紀,至早白堊紀絕滅,其化石分布於亞洲、歐洲、北美及東非等地。該亞目共包含兩個科:「劍龍」科和「腿龍」科。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">(3)甲龍亞目:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 全是4足行走,植物食性恐龍,軀體扁平,幾乎全被骨甲所覆蓋。甲龍從中侏羅紀開始出現,白堊紀時大發展,特別在晚白堊紀時,甲龍類屬種幾乎遍布北美,歐亞等世界各地,甲龍亞目共有三科:「結節龍」科;「棘鎧龍」科;「塵龍」科。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">(4)角龍亞目:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 全是植物食性的四足行走的恐龍,其特點是頭上不同部位發育大小差異的角。角龍出現較晚,由鳥腳類演化而出,其原始類型為在亞洲發現的『原角龍』,進步屬種在北美發現最多,是晚白堊紀的標準化石。本亞目共有兩科:「原角龍」科、「角龍」科。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">(5)腫頭龍亞目:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 皆為植物食性、兩足行走的小型恐龍,形態特化,突出特徵是頭頂腫厚成盔狀。本亞目只含「腫頭龍」科一科,在亞洲發現最多,其生存時代為晚白堊紀。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">參考來源<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">http://sf1.loxa.com.tw/084627/eXe/eXe2/david_1/__2.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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